• 限定词定义： 在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指以及表示确定数量和非确定数量等限定作用的词类。

限定词种类如下：

• 三类名词： 单数名词、复数名词、不可数名词

• The、some、any、no、other、whose、物主限定词、名词属格
  • The book/books/money
  • Whose book/books/money
  • Other apple/photos/bread
  • some book/books/two hundred books

• a(n)、one、another、each、every、either、neither，many a、such a.etc
  • each student/man/person
  • Another book/sentence
  • Such a boy/book/apple

• Both、two、three、another two/three … 、many、（a）few、several、these、those、a（great）number of
  • A few days/words/books
  • Several essays/pens/students
  • A number of visitors
  • Another two weeks.

• （a）little、much、less、（the）least、a little bit of、a large amount of、a great deal of
  • Much water
  • A little money/space
  • A bit of money
  • Less noise
  • The least oil
  • A large amount of money
  • Little doubt

• 序数词和通用序数词 （the first/second、the last、the next.etc）
  • The first rose
  • My second reaction
  • The next meeting
  • The last meeting
  • The next meetings

• 指示代词： this、that、(the) least
  • this/that job
  • this/that work

• such、more、most、other、enough、plenty of、lots of、a lot of.etc
  • a lot of = lots of
  • plenty of water / chairs
  • enough copies / time
  • such / other / more / most

• such： 既属于前位又归于后位，只有在 such a/an 情况下属于前位，与 z 搭配时作后位

• The owl / An owl / Owls can’t see well in the daytime. 注意这里的 The owl，其实是特指猫头鹰这一类，并不是特指某一个猫头鹰
• What size are your shoes？

• 数词和量词如果单独使用，在语法上相当于代词
• 如果出现在名词之前，在语法上便是表示定量或不定量的限定词

• 基数词、倍数词、分数词以及 both、half、every、each 等
  • Three-fifths (of) the workers here are women.

• some, any, many, much, little, few, all, no, several, enough 等不定代词
  • Could I have a few words with you?

• 每个单数可数名词前一定要加限定词（通常是中位限定词）

  • I need pen. ❌
    I need a pen. ✔️
  • She likes person. ❌
    She likes that person. ✔️

• 在多个限定词同时使用要注意它们前中后的位置：

  • these few people ✔️
    few these people ❌
  • all my friends ✔️
    my all friends ❌
  • All (前) the (中) five (后) boys were absent that day.
  • Half (前) his (中) four (后) balls are broken.
  • l will never forget all (前) these (中) last (后) few (后) days.
  • Those (中) last (后) few (后) hours in hospital was horrible.
  • Several (后) hundred (后) people were killed in that battle.
  • All (前) other (后) students helped the teacher.
  • Such (前) a (中) thing as stealing is an abomination.

• 前位限定词与前位限定词一般是相互排斥的，不能同时放在一起。

  • all half his books. ❌
  • half twice my income.❌

• 中位限定词与中位限定词也是彼此排斥的，不能同时出现。

  • a his money. ❌
  • her that problem. ❌
  • my that book.❌
    that book of mine✔️

• 后位限定词与后位限定词之间虽不相互排斥但有搭配限制。主要有以下几种顺序。

  • ① 序数词 + 基数词：序数词与基数词连用时，序数词在前，基数词居后
    • the first six months
    • The third five years.

• 个别限定词有跨类现象，如 such 既属于前位限定词，又可归入后位限定词。由于它只是在 such a 和such an 这样的搭配中属于前位限定词，而在与其他限定词 (some, any, no, all, few, another,other, many, one, two,etc) 搭配时，such 则是后位限定词，一律放在上述这些限定词的后面，如 some such, any such, no such, few such, one such 等，因此通常把它归入后位限定词。

0 限定词导言

• I want this !!! 代词
• I want this book!! 限定词

• this / that + 单数 / 不可数名词
• these / those + 可数名词复数
• 见习题

• some + 名词单数：表示某个，某种，相当于 a certain
• any + 名词单数：表示任何，相当于 every
• some / any + 名词复数 ：表示一些
• some：后边加名词，用于肯定句中表 “一些”（这种用法不是很多）
  • She’s got some interesting ideas.
  • There are some letters for me.
• any：也表示一些，① 用于疑问句和否定中用来替换 some， ② if 条件句中替换 some
  • Do you know any jokes?
  • I haven’t got any money.
  • If you find any mistakes, please tell me.
  • There aren’t any letters for me.
  • Are there any letters for me?
  • I seldom get any sleep these days.
  • If you have any trouble, please let me know.如果你有任何麻烦，请让我知道。
  • l forgot to ask for any change.我忘了要一些零钱。
• 在疑问句中，当期待人们给出肯定回答时，用 some， 而不用 any
  • Could I have some coffee ?
    Sure, And would you like some biscuits?
  • Are there some letters for me?
  • Could I have some of these apples?
  • Would you like some chocolate cake?
• 当 some 与单数可数名词搭配时, some 相当于 a certain (“某一”) 的含义; 而 any 与单数可数名词搭配，则相当于 every (“任何一个”〕的含义。
  • Some boy has broken a window.有个男孩打破了窗户。
  • Any child could answer that question.任何一个孩子都可以回答这个向题。
• 下述两行的区别同 some 与 any 的区别

  • somebody / someone / something

  • anybody / anyone / anything

    • There’s somebody outside.
    • Would you like something to drink?
    • Does anybody understand this?
    • She didn’t say anything.

  • 注：somebody / someone / something / anybody / anyone / anything 均为不定代词，代指不指明代替任何特定名词的代词

any 的要点补充

• never、hardly、without、refuse、double 等含有否定概念的词连用时，用 any
  • She never has any fun.
  • We got there without any difficulty.
  • I refuse to give him any help.

some / any / 零冠词

• 三者既可修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词

• some / any ： 用来讨论有限数量的事物

• 零冠词： 用来探讨不限数量的事物，一类事物

• 有限数量：
  Have some toast.
  I need some new clothes.
  Is there any water in the fridge?

• 不限数量：
  No thanks, I don’t like toast.
  She always wears nice clothes.
  Is there water on the moon?

• 在描述事物或介绍人/事的时候不用 some
  Jack has got black hair. 不能加 some
  Andy and Jack are students.

• no + 名词，表强调，除放句首以外， 等价于 not a + 名词单数 、not any + 复数
  • Sorry, I’ve got no time.
  • There weren’t letters for you this morning. (There were no letters for you this morning. 表强调)
  • I don’t like singing songs（I like singing no songs，均为直接 no + 名词）
• 句首常用 no， 而不用 not any 进行替换
  • No cigarette is completely harmless.
  • No tourists ever come to our village.

none

• 在介词 of 前 none of + 名词， 当没有名词时，none 用于表达否定
• None of his friends likes his wife. 注意这里整体是单数
• There’s none in their house.

nobody / nothing

• Nobody loves me.
• I’ve got absolutely nothing to say.

no / any 的特殊用法

• 在对话中，经常用 any / no 造出较短的不完整的句子
  • Can you help me?
  • Sorry, no time.
  • Any letters for me?

• any 表“任何” 时 常用于肯定句
  • When shall I come and see you ?
  • It doesn’t matter, any time.
• 也可以用于否定句，just any， 强调 “ 任何” 之意
  • I don’t do just any work, I choose jobs that interest me.

anybody / anything / anywhere

• It’s not important who / what / where
• It’s easy, Anybody can do it.
• She doesn’t go out with just anybody.

• 表示 “多” 的意思，可用 many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等。但是 many, much 常用于否定句和疑问句，而 a lot of 等则常用于肯定句。

  • l haven’t seen many English films.多数英文电影我没看过。many 修饰可数名词
  • Have you seen many English films? 多数的英文电影你都看过吗? many 修饰可数名词
  • l haven‘t done much work today.我还没有做多少活呢。much 修饰不可数名词
  • Have you done much work today?今天你已经做了很多活吗? much 修饰不可数名词
  • I have seen a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a great number of English films. 我已经看了多部英文电影。number 修饰可数名词
  • I have done a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a great amount of worktoday.今天我已经做了很多活。amount 修饰不可数名词

• 肯定句中常用：a lot of = lots of = plenty of + 可数名词复数/不可数名词

• much 和 many 常用于疑问句和否定句中，much + 不可数名词，many + 可数名词复数

  • How much time have you got ?
    How many tickets do you need?

  • Do you have much trouble with English?
    I don’t have much trouble speaking, but I have lots of difficulty writing.

  • Are there many opera houses in London?
    Not many, but there are a lot of theatres and plenty of cinemas

• so / as / too 后，many 和 much 可以用在肯定句中

  • That child makes so much noise.
  • Take as much time as you like.
  • There are too many people here.

many / much 既可作限定词，也可作不定代词

• a lot 也可单独用作名词词组:
  • Have you done all these exercises?----No, I haven’t done very many.
  • Have you done much work today?----Yes, I’ve done a lot.

以上所讲 many / much 常用于否定句和疑问句并不是绝对的，尤其是在下列场合，many / much 常用于肯定句

• a) 用于 whether / if 引导的宾语分句中。

  • l doubt whether / if there’ll be many people at the show on this rainy day. 我怀疑在这个雨天里会有很多人看表演。
  • l wonder whether / if he has much information on this subject. 我想知道在这个题目上他是否知道很多消息。

• b) 用于 how / too / so / as + many / much (中心词) 构成的名词词组中

  • He took so many boxes with him that he had to call a taxi.他身边带着太多的箱子，不得不叫计程车。
  • It’s really surprising that the child has so much strength at his age.真是很惊奇，在这个年龄的孩子居然这么有力气。
  • You can take as many copies as you need.你可以根据你的需要想拿多少张就拿多少张。
  • You can use as much oil as you need.根据你的需要想用多少油就用多少。
  • l have (far) too many books on the shelf.
  • We’ve had too much rain this spring.这个春天我们已经有太多雨。
  • I’d like to know how many copies are needed for the class.我想要知道在这班需要多少张考贝。
  • l want to know how much money will be spent on the project. 我想知道将在这个计划花费多少钱，much 修饰不可数名词 money

• c) 用于在句首作主语以及在 “存在句（There be）” 中作实义主语的名词词组中

  • Many people would like to take holidays abroad. 许多人喜欢去国外渡假。
  • Much coal has been saved through the use of the new device.通过用新的装置，很多煤被节省下来。
  • There are many girl students in my class.在我的班级里有许多女学生。
  • There is much coal left in the mine.在煤矿有很多的煤剩下。

• 同样地，a good / great many 也可用于肯定句

  • l have read a great many English novels.我已读过大量的英语小说。

enough

• enough + 名词
• 形容词 / 副词 + enough

too

• too many
• too much

enough/too + 不定式

• Lucy is old enough to vote.

• I’m too tired to go out tonight.

• It’s not warm enough (for me) to swim in the river.

• 不定式的复合结构：逻辑主语（非谓语的发出者） + 不定式：The box is too heavy (for us) to lift. for sb 强调 动作的发出者

  • Would you mind my/me opening the window?

• 分词的复合结构， I overlooking on …, Changsha …, 这里的 I 就是逻辑主语，后面的 overlooking 是分词

• (a) few, (a) little，既可用作限定词，也可用作不定代词

• little 和 few 表示否定概念 = not much / many / enough，数量很少或几乎没有

• a little 和 a few 表示肯定概念，表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有

• few 和 a few 修饰可数名词复数， little 和 a little 修饰不可数名词

  • Give the roses a little water every day. 表示肯定概念，需要一些水
  • Cactuses need little water. 几乎不需要水，表示否定概念
  • His ideas are very difficult, but a few people can understand them. 有一些人理解他们
  • His ideas are very difficult, and few people can understand them. 表达几乎没有人理解他们
  • Let’s invite a few friends to come with us. 让我们来邀请几个朋友来和我们在一起。
  • Here are a few more books on this subject. 在他的课题上有少量的书。
  • There are only a very few left. 只有一点点剩下。
  • I’m keeping the few that remain for tomorrow. 我保住剩下的一点点为明天。
  • I had a little difficulty in solving the problem. 在解决这个问题上我有一点困难。
  • Give me a little of that wine. 给我一点那种酒。
  • I’m trying to use the little French I have just learnt. 我正在试用我刚学的一点法语

• little / few 非常正式，对话中可以转化为用 only a little / few 或者 not much / many

• 要注意，quite a few， a good few， not a few 不表示 “少”，而表示 “相当多” 的含义，相当于, a fair number (of)

  • Quite a few of us are getting worried.我们相当多的人正在担心。
  • You’ll have to wait a good few weeks.你将不得不等上相当多个星期。

• little 的比较级和最高级是 less 和 least, 通常只能用与不可数名词搭配，但在当代英语中也有用 less 与复数搭配的

  • If only there were less holes in the roof. 如果房顶仅是少量洞。但这只见于非正式主体; 在正式主体中仍用 fewer 为好。

less / the least / fewer / the fewest

• less / fewer ：比较级，更少

• the least / the fewest：最少

• less、the least 修饰不可数名词

• fewer、the fewest 修饰可数名词复数

• I’ve got less money than I thought.
  Of all my friends, Jack does the least work.

• There were fewer problems than I expected.

• Jack was the person who made the fewest mistakes in the exam.

less / the least 用法补充

• less / the least + 形容词 / 副词 ：这里的 less 表示没那么…，the least 表示最不 …
  • Jack is less shy than Jessica. Jack 没有 Jessica 那么害羞
  • It was the least successful party I’d given. 这是我被给予的最不成功的排队
  • He drives less carefully than I expected. 他开车比我想象的还要不仔细

• all 即可以修饰名词，也可以修饰动词
• All the rooms cost the same.
  The rooms all cost the same.
• All cats climb trees.
  Cats all climb trees.

all 的位置

• 单一的实义动词前
• 助动词：do does did have has had 后
• be 动词：am， is … 后
  • Our children all speak French.
  • The papers all arrived yesterday.
  • Our children can all speak French.
  • The papers have all arrived yesterday.
  • we were all tired.

all / every

• all 限定名词（复数）

• every 限定名词（单数）

• 两者表达的意思一样，都是强调每一个要素，但是形式不同，如下：

  • All birds lay eggs. 复数
  • Every bird lays eggs. 单数

• all the / my / this / that + 名词

• every + 名词

  • All the shops were closed.
  • Every shop was closed.

all / everybody

• 在强调所有人时，一般使用 everybody 、everyone，不用 all 单独的词来表达人，all 更多表达物的概念
  • some say / think …
  • Everybody was tired. 不能说：All were tired.

all / everything

• all 在表达物的概念时，强调 everything， 强调 the only thing（仅限于定语从句中时，会表达物的概念）
  • She gave me all / everything that she had.
  • All that I want is a place of my own. 定语从句中才用 all 代指物，同 the only thing，可以互换
  • The thieves took everything.

• 1.限定单数名词时，使用 every 更常见，很少用 each

  • Every / Each day brings a new problem.

• every 形容三个以上，each 一般指两者的每一个

  • She has a ring on every finger.
  • She had a bag in each hand.

each 用法补充

• each 更多强调每个事物是分开的或是不同的，every 无此用法。

  • I asked every politician the same question. 没有强调问题分开
  • Each politician gave a different answer. 强调每一个政客给我的不同答案

every 用法补充

• ① every 放在 of 前不能使用 every of ，而要用 every one of …
• ② 单独使用时需要用 every one 而不能直接用 every 当代词
  • She knows every one of her students by name.
  • He’s got hunderds of books and he’s read every one

• 都是用来探讨两个人/事物

• both 强调复数概念 + 复数名词；

• either、neither 强调单数概念 + 单数名词

• Do you speak French or Spanish ?
  I speak both languages.

• Which one is easier for you ?
  Either language is OK.

• How about writing ?
  No, I can’t write very well in either language. 否定中用 either

• And your wife ?
  No, she speaks neither language.

• 这一类词，除 every 只能作限定词外，都是既可作限定词，也可作不定代词。
  • all (of) the boys.
  • both (of) the boys,
  • every boy / every one of the boys,
  • each boy / each (one) of the boys,
  • either boy / either (one) of the (two) boys,
  • neither boy / neither (one) of the (two) boys,
  • any boy / any (one) of the (three or more) boys,

由上述诸例可以看出,这一类的限定词和不定代词在用法上有以下值得注意之处:

• a) ① 表示 “全体”，可用 all 和 both, 但 all 表示三个或三个以上人或物的 “全体”，而 both 则表示两个人或物的 “全体”。

  • All the four applicants are below the average. 所有这四位申请者都在平均数以下。
  • All these last few days the farmers have been busyfighting drought.在最后这几天里，农民曾经忙于抗早。
  • Both his parents are against his going there alone.他的父母两个人都反对他单独去那儿。
  • The man was blind in both eyes.这人的两眼都瞎了。

• ② 如果要表示 “全体都不” 的意思，当 “全体” 为三个或更多的人或物时，通常用 none。

  • None of the students failed the examination.没有一个学生考试失败。
  • I’ll have none of your stupid ideas.我不能接受你的那些糊涂观念。
  • 在上述第一例中，既可用 none, 也可用 no one，但 no one 只能指人，不能指物。
  • No one failed the examination.

• ③ 如果要表示两个人或物 “都不”，通常要用 neither

  • Neither of the students passed the exam.
  • Neither (one) of the (two) cars was made in Japan.两辆车没有一辆产自日本。

• b) ① 表示全体中的 “每个”，如果这个 “全体” 包含三个或更多的人或物，通常用 every

  • Every student in the class took part in the performance. 这个班的每个学生都是这个表演的一部分。
  • His every action shows that he is a very determined young man.他的每个行动都显示了他是一个坚决的年轻人。

• ② 如果这个 “全体” 包含两个或两个以上的人或物，便可以用 each。

  • Each side of the street was crowded with people. 街道的两边都挤满了人。在这里，不可以用 every。

• ③ 如果说 “广场的每一边都挤满了人”，那就既可用 each, 也可用 every:

  • Each /Every side of the square was crowded with people.广场的边上挤满了人。

• ④ every 与 each 的区别还在于 every 指许多人或物中的 “每个” 侧重在全体，近乎 all 的含义。

  • Every student failed the examination. = All the students failed the examination.所有的学生都考试失败。
  • We want every child to succeed. = We want all the children tosucceed.我们相让每个孩子都成功。

• ⑤ each 则指许多人或物中 “各人”，侧重在个别

  • Each child will find his own personal road to success.每个孩子都发现自已的方法成功。
  • The Queen shook hands with each player in turn after the game.女王在比赛后与参赛手们轮流握手。

• c) ① 表示全体中的 “任何一个”，也要看这个 “全体” 是包含三个或更多，还是只包含两个。当 “全体” 包含三个或三个以上，要表示其中任何一个须用any。

  • Any (= Every) child would know that.每个孩子都知道这个。Ask any man you meet.你可以问任何一个人。
  • His gift was unknown to any (of them) except himself.除了他自已没有一个人知道他的礼物是什么。
  • These are all free，take any (of them) you like.所有都是免费的，拿其中你最喜欢的。

• ② 当 “全体” 只包含两个时，要表示其中任何一个须用 either

  • There are two flights for Beijing in the morning.You can take either (one).只有两班早晨的飞机去北京，你可选其中一个。
  • We have two copies left. Keep either (copy) for the file.我们有两份考贝剩下，为文件保持其中的一份。

• ③ 在 on either side, on either end 等固定词组中有时可以兼指两个

  • There are warehouses on either side of the river (=on both sides of the river).在河的两边都有大货仓。
  • He got off the train with a bundle on either arm.他带着两大包下火车。
  • There are stairways at either end of the corridor.走廊的两头都有楼梯。

• which： 有限个选择，一般数量比较少，有数量限定

• what： 有非常多选择

• Which size do you want - smll, medium or large?

• What is your shoe size?

• Which/What day next week can you come and see us ?

which 的用法补充

• of 前 还有 one 之前， 用 which 而不能用 what
  • Which of the countries in Europe have you visited?
  • Look at those stars. Which one is the nearest.
• 在没有名词的时候想要表达人的概念需要借用 who， 不能单独用 which
  • Which player won?
  • Who won?

• other + 名词复数
• 没有名词的时候，用 others 代指名词
  • Tell the other people.
  • Tell the others.
  • Can you shoe me some other shoes?
  • Can you show me some others?

another

• another + 名词单数 = one more 另一个，再来一个
• 不可数名词 / 名词复数 的再来一个时，不用 another，而是 more
  • Have another potato. = Have one more potato
  • Have some more meat.
  • I need more cups. 多来几杯
• another few + 名词复数 = a few more + 名词复数
• another 数字 + 名词复数 = 数字 more + 名词复数
  • Let’s wait another few minutes. = Let’s wait a few more minutes.
  • This job will take another ten days. = This job will take ten more days.

• ① 限定词 + of + 代词
• ② 限定词(some, any, many, much, most, more) + of + 限定词(the, my, this) + 名词
• 上述 ① ② 都可以转化为 限定词 + 名词
  • some of the matches we played. (some matches)
  • more of that coffee - (more coffee)
  • most of our meals - (most meals)
  • Enough of it - (enough water)
  • most of them - (most teachers)
• ③ 数字 + of + 限定词 + 名词
  • two of the dogs
• ④ every one of … / none of …

most … / most of the …

• most people 泛指
• most of the people 特指某一群 …
• Most people want to have children.
• Most of the people I know do not want to have children.

• 冠词是最典型的限定词

\quad\quad 冠词的表意功能可以归纳为二种，即类指和特指。冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词 (定冠词 the 与指示代词 this，that 同源，有 “那（这)个” 的意思, 但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西) ; 另一种是不定冠词 (不定冠词 a (an) 与数词 one 同源, 是 “一个” 的意思。; 零冠词.

类指是表示类别，也就是泛指一类人或物。不论是定冠词还是不定冠词和零冠词都具有这种功能。

• 定冠词与单数可数名词搭配，往往可起类指的作用，常用于正式语体。

  • Galileo claimed that he had invented the telescope. Galileo 声称他发明了望远镜。
  • The horse has been replaced by the railroad, the windship by the steamship.铁路代替了马的作用，汽船代替了帆船。

• 定冠词与某些形容词或分词连用，表示类别或抽象概念，也是一种类指用法

  • the rich 富人; the living 生者。表示一类人。
  • The sick have been cured, the lost have been found, and the dead have been revived. 病被治愈，失去的被找回来了，死亡被挽救回来了。
  • The rich get richer, and the poor get children. 有钱的更有钱，穷人得了孩子。
  • The true, the good and the beautiful would not exist without the false, the evil and the ugly. 没有欺骗、邪恶、丑陋就没有真实、善良和美丽。

• 用不定冠词与单数可数名词搭配也可表示类别

  • An ox is a useful animal.公牛是一个有用的动物。
  • My brother William is planning to be a lawyer. 我的兄弟 William 打算成为一名律师。

• 用零冠词与复数可数名词或不可数名词搭配，同样可以表示一类的人或物

  • Doctors are badly needed at the front.在前线医生是非常地需要。
  • Carrots are my favorite vegetable.胡罗卜是我最喜爱的蔬菜。
  • They are teachers, not students.
  • Cats and tigers belong to the same family of mammals.猫和老虎是在一个家族的动物。
  • Electricity is a form of energy.电是能量的一种形态。
  • Unity is strength.团结就是力量。

特指不同于类指，它不是泛指一类人或物，而是特指一类人或物中的具体对象。这里有两种情况:

• 一种是非常明确地指出何人或何物，这叫做 “确定特指”。定冠词常作这种用法

  • He bought a house. I’ve been to the house. 他买了幢房子我去过那幢房子。指上文提到过的人或事。
  • We own a dog and a cat.The dog is brown, and the cat is white.我们有一只猫和狗。狗是棕色的，猫是白色的。特指上文提到过的狗和猫。
  • The dog and the cat are the same ones we had last year. 这狗和猫是我们去年就养了的。特指去年就饲养了的狗和猫。

• 另一种情况是 “非确定特指”，这也是特指具体对象，但不很明确。不定冠词常作这种用法

  • I met an old man in the street. 我在路上遇到一个老人。虽未道出姓名，仍表示特指某一特定的老人。
  • l have lost a button. 我丢了一只钮扣。指失落一颗特定的钮扣，但未说出何种钮扣。
  • There’s a letter for you. 有一封信给你。指一封特定的信件，但不明确是谁写来的。

• 零冠词也能有非确定特指的用法

  • The streets are clean and shaded with trees.马路干净且有树的阴凉。
  • She put carrots in the stew.她把胡罗卜放入炖汤里。

确定特指又可分为后照应特指、前照应特指和语境特指。

• 后照应特指即用定冠词表示上下文已经提到的人或物。第一次提及用不定冠词。第二次提及用定冠词。

  • He ordered a book some time ago. The book has now arrived. 他以前某个时候定购的书，现已经到达。

• 前照应特指也是一种确定特指，只是照应对象不在上文，而在下文，或者更确切地说，定冠词的指定作用决定于名词中心词的后置修饰语。

  • Please tell us the story of Franklin.请告诉我 Franklin 的故事。
  • Is this the train for Shanghai?去上海是这次火车吗?
  • Here is the student I told you about.这就是我告诉你的那个学生。

• 语境特指不是建立在上下文基础上的照应关系，而是建立在谈话双方共有的知识上

  • 比如主妇对丈夫说，I’m just back from the market, 在这种语境中，听话人一定会理解 the market 指某个平时常去的市场。
  • Take the medicine. 把药吃了。特指双方都明白的人或物。
  • What’s in the paper(s) today?
  • Shut the door, please.
  • How’s the cough today?
  • He turned on the radio.
  • What’s on the radio?

• 能用于语境特指的冠词通常是定冠词，但是零冠词在一定上下文中也可表示确定特指含义，这也是一种语境特指。

  • Mary asked, “Why is father out of work ?”
  • John was elected chairman of the students’union. John 被选作学生会主席。

我国学生对冠词用法之所以感到困难，不仅是由于汉语没有冠词，而且冠词用法尽管有规律可循，例外却太多。有时，冠词的使用仅仅是个习惯用法问题，很难用几项语法条文加以概括。例如 radio 和 television 两词用于类指时通常不带定冠词:

• It’s easier to write plays for television than for radio.写电视剧本要比写无线电广播剧本容易的多。
  但要说 listen to the radio, on the radio; 而在 television 之前却又可以不用定冠词 watch (the) television, on (the) television。

又例如，疾病通常是不可数名词，前面不用冠词:

• She’s had appendicitis.
• I think I’ve got measles.
  但有例外，比如说"感冒"要用冠词，I’ve got a cold,可是在catch(a) cold中，人们有时又不用冠词;在"头痛"前要用冠词，T’ve gota headache,但在牙痛、耳痛前却又不用冠词，I’ve got had
  toothache。

下面列举一些冠词的习惯搭配关系。

at the hands of;
on the shoulder;
by the way; on the spot 当场;
for the time being暂时;
on the whole;
in the case of 至于…;
(the) day before yesterday;
in the distancc在远处;
the other day前几天;
in the east of;under / in the circumstances;
in the end of 在…的最后;
to be in the habit of 有…的习惯,常常;
in the front of 在前部;
to bring down the house 博得满场喝彩;
in the possession of 为…所有;
to follow the plough 务农;
in the shade 逊色;
to get / gain the upper hand of 占优势,占上风;
on the way;
to go by the board 被丢弃;
on the job 忙碌着;
to take the fancy of 引起…的注意;
to tell the truth; on the part of 就…而言;
to turn /tip the scale(s) 起决定性作用;
on the right / left;

all of a sudden 突然;
to be in a position to 能够;
a matter of course 理所当然的事,必然的结果;
as a rule 通常;
as amatter of fact;
at a loss 不知所措;
at a discount 打折扣,没销路,不受欢迎;
at a time when 每次,在某时;
to make the best of a bad job 尽量减少损失;
to have a chance;
to have agood time;
to have a hand in 参与;
to have a mind to 打算，想要;
(to throw…) for a loss 使…震惊;
in (after) a fashion 勉强，马马虎虎;
in a walk 轻而易举地;
on a large scale;
with a firm hand 坚决地;
with a view to 着眼于,以…为目的,考虑到;
to be in a hurry;
to get / fly into a temper 发怒;
to have a say;
to have a try;
to keep an eye on 照看,密切注视;
to lend a hand 帮助;
to put a premium on 重视;
to take afancy to 喜爱;
to take a walk;
to take an interest in 对…感兴趣;

at anchor (船)抛锚,停泊着;
at bottom(=at the bottom) 实际上;
atdinner 在吃饭;
at hand 在手边，在附近，即将到来;
at home;
at last;
at pleasure 随你,听便;
at present;
at rest;
at short notice 一接到通知;
at stake 危如累卵,危险;
at table 在进餐;
at war 处于交战状态;
be yond hope of 没希望的,绝望的;
big talk 吹牛;
by rule 墨守成规地;
by way of 经由;
day and night 日日夜夜地,日夜不停地;
in honor of 向…表示敬意,为祝贺…;
in order 整齐,状况良好,适宜;
in peace 安祥地;
in place适当的;
in question正被谈论的;
in sight在望;
in trouble;
in view在看得见的地方,被考虑,被期待;
on board在[到]船、飞机或车上;
on deck在甲板上,准备齐全;
on hand在手头，即将发生，在场;
on shore(海员)离船,在岸上,在陆上;
on top of在…之上;
under cover隐藏着;
within (easy) reach (of)在附近,距离不远;
without result毫无结果;
to be hard of heart冷酷,残忍;
from beginning to end;
in advance;
in danger;
in debt;
in case (of)如果;
in distress;
in (the) face of面对;
in fashion时兴/流行;
in fact;
in fear;
in front of在…之前;
in haste;
in possession of拥有,持有;
to burn day light徒劳无益;
to keep / bear in mind;
to set foot on踏上;
to takecare of;
to take / have command of 控制，掌握;
to take part in ;
to take place;

不定冠词 a (an) 与数词 one 同源，是“一个”的意思。

• 1) 表示 “一个”，意为 one; 指某人或某物，意为 a certain

  • A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
  • There’s a pen on the desk.桌子上有一枝钢笔。

• 2) 但是,除表示 “一” 这一数量外，很多情况下 a 与可数名词一起表示一类事物或者泛指概念。代表一类人或物。

  • I need a pencil now. 我现在需要一支铅笔。（不确指哪支铅笔)
  • We can’t say a boy is cleverer than a girl. 我们不能说男孩比女孩聪明。（表示类别）代表一类人或物。

• 不定冠词在表示 “一” 的概念时，是非强调性的。如果强调 “一” 这一数量，常常用 one

  • National Day is a two-day holiday.国庆节是（一）个两天的假日。
  • We have only one day left to finish the task.我们只剩下一天时间来完成这个任务。

• 3) 词组或成语

• 4) 不定冠词用在表示数量、时间等名词前，表示 “每一（单位）…的价格、速度、顺序等”

  • The apples are two yuan a kilogram. 这些苹果每公斤两元钱。
  • Tom drives a car at 60 miles an hour. 汤姆以每小时60英里的速度开车。
  • I go back home once a month. 我每月回家一次。

• 5) 不定冠词用于单数可数名词前，表示不确定性，泛指人的职业、国籍、宗教等:

  • He is a Christian. 他是基督徒。
  • My friend, Asaku, is a Japanese. 我的朋友 Asaku 是日本人。

• 6) 不定冠词用在人名或表示人的名词前，表示不确定性，即说话人不清楚或没有指明所提到的人到底是谁

  • A Tom Smith is waiting for you downstairs. 一个叫汤姆·史密斯的人正在楼下等你。
  • A Smith called you just now.刚才一个叫史密斯的人给你找电话。
  • A comrade is waiting for you outside.一个同志在外面等你。

• 7) 不定冠词用于 be of a (an) + n. 结构中，表示 “相同…的”

  • Tom and his sister are of a height. 汤姆和他的妹妹身高相同。
  • These sweaters are of a size. 这些毛衣大小相同。

• 8) 不定冠词用于固定结构 quite/half/rather/many/what/such a (an) + n. 或so/too/how adjective a(an) + n. 中，表示程度、数量或感叹等

  • He’s quite a famous artist. 他是个很有名的艺术家。
  • Many a man would welcome such an opportunity. 许多人会很高兴有这样一个机会。
  • What a fool he is!他多傻啊!

• 9) 不定冠词用于某些习惯用语或谚语中

  • in a word 总而言之
  • take a walk 散步
  • at a time 一次

• 注：当一篇文章中第一次提到某一事物时，在名词前面要加不定冠词，以后再次提到同一事物时用定冠词

  • …He saw a man standing there. The man was the person that he waslooking for… …他看到一个人站在那里。那个人就是他正找的人。

定冠词 the 与指示代词 this，that 同源，有 “那（这）个” 的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。

• 1）特指双方都明白的人或物

  • Take the medicine.把药吃了。

• 2）上文提到过的人或事

  • He bought a house.I’ve been to the house.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。

• 3）指世上独一物二的事物

  • the moon, the earth, the sun太阳, the earth 地球, the world世界, the nature 自然界, the sky天空, the universe宇宙

• 4）单数名词连用表示一类事物

  • the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸;
  • 或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人: the rich富人; the living 生者。

• 5）用在序数词和形容词和副词的最高级，及形容词 only，very, same 等前面

  • He runs the fastest. 他跑得最快。
  • Is this the best choice he can make? 这是他能做出的最好的选择吗?
  • Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层。
  • That’s the very thing I’ve been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。

• 6) 用在形容词前，表示一类人或事物

  • the poor 穷人 , the blind 盲人, the aged 老人, the impossible 不可能的事情

• 7) 与复数名词连用，指整个群体

  • They are the teachers of this school. 指全体教师
  • They are teachers of this school. 指部分教师

• 8）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前

  • She caught me by the arm… 她抓住了我的手臂。

• 9) 用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前

  • the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国
  • the United States 美国

• 10）用在表示乐器的名词之前

  • She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。

• 11) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人

  • the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇)

• 12) 定冠词用在名词前，表示特指，即某个特定的人、事物等。特别是当某名词后面有定语限定这一名词时，名词前面一般都要用定冠词 the

  • We have found the book that we lost yesterday. 我们已经找到了昨天丢的那本书。
  • Do you know the man standing by the window?你认识那个站在窗户旁边的人吗?

• 13) 用在惯用语中

• 1) 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词

  • England，Mary;

• 2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词;

  • They are teachers. 他们是教师。

• 3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词;

  • Failure is the mother of success .失败乃成功之母。

• 4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词;

  • Man cannot live without water.人离开水就无法生存。

• 5）在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词;

  • We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。

• 6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词;

  • The guards took the American to General Lee.士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。

• 7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词

  • have breakfast
  • play chess

• 8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词;

  • l can’t write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。

• 9) 当 by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词;

  • by bus，by train;

• 10）有些个体名词不用冠词;

  • school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。

• 1) 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。

  • He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
  • The black and the white cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。

• 2) 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。

  • He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。

1) 不定冠词位置。不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前

• a. 位于下列形容词之后：such，what，many，half，

  • l have never seen such an animal.
  • Many a man is fit for the job.

• b. 当名词前的形容词被副词 as, so, too, how, however, enough 修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后:

  • It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.So short a time.
  • Too long a distance.

• c. quite，rather 与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。

  • quite a lot

• d. 在 as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后:

  • Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes.他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。

2) 定冠词位置

• 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在 all，both，double，half，twice, three times 等词之后，名词之前
  • All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。

1) 用不定冠词的情况

• a. 表示某国人，某个说话人但不清楚是谁的人。

  • （只知其名）She is an American. 她是美国人

• b. 表示某一家庭成员或某一名人的作品。

  • A Forsyte was kidnapped yesterday. 昨天福氏家族的一个成员被绑架了。
  • There’s a Rembrandt in her collection. 她的收藏品中有一幅伦勃朗的画。
  • l have read a new Wells recently. 最近我读了威尔斯的一部新作。

2) 用定冠词的情况

• a. 某些地理名词，如江河海洋、海峡海湾、山脉群岛、沙漠等之前要用定冠词。

• the Yangtze 长江, the Thames 泰晤士河, the South Sea 南海, the Pacific 太平洋, the English Channel 英吉利海峡, the Persian Gulf 波斯湾, the Himalayas 喜玛拉雅山脉, the Philippines 菲律宾群岛, the Sahara Desert 撒哈拉沙漠

• b. 由普通名词和其它一些词构成的专有名词，如国名、组织机构、建筑物、报纸、会议、条约等的名称前，要用定冠词。

  • the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国
  • the United Nations 联合国
  • the National People’s Congress 全国人民代表大会
  • the Great Hall of the People 人民大会堂
  • the People’s Daily 人民日报
  • the New York Times 纽约时报
  • the International Women Conference 国际妇女大会
  • the Geneva Agreement 日内瓦协议

• c. 定冠词用在复数专有名词前，表示一家人，或某对夫妇、整个民族等。

  • The Smiths moved to California.史密斯夫妇(或一家）搬到了加利福尼亚洲。
  • The Americans are a nation on wheels.美国人是一个车轮上的民族

3) 专有名词前不用冠词的情况

• 一般来说，街名、广场名、公园名、大学名、节日名、杂志名前不加定冠词。
  • Tian An Men Square 天安门广场
  • Hyde Park 海德公园
  • National Day 国庆节
  • Time 时代（周刊)

1) 当抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时，不用冠词（即使前面有修饰性词)

• This desk is made of wood.这张桌子由木头制成。
• Knowledge begins with practice.认识从实践开始。
• We can’t live without air.没有空气我们就不能生存。
• It is common knowledge that fish can’t live without water.鱼没有水就无法生存，这一点是常识。

2) 当抽象名词和物质名词表示某一特定概念时，特别是当它们有一限制性定语时，前面要加定冠词

• What do you think of the music?你觉得这音乐怎么样?
• Thank you for the criticism you gave.谢谢你所给予的批评。
• The air in the room is so bad that no one can stand it for 5 minutes.房间里的空气很糟，以致于没有人能忍受五分钟。
• Let’s wipe off the dust.让我们把尘土擦掉吗。（特指双方都明白的某个部分的尘土)

3) 当抽象名词和物质名词表示"一种"、“一场”、“一次”、"一阵”或"一份"等意义时，要在前面加上不定冠词 a 或 an

• Would you please give us an explanation?你能不能给我们解释一下呢?
• What a heavy rain!多大的(一场）雨啊!I want an ice-cream.我要一份冰淇淋。
• It’s a wonderful coffee.这是一种很好的咖啡。

4) 表示某一品质或情绪的具体事件、人物或东西的抽象名词，前面要用不定冠词

• He did me a great kindness.他给我帮了一个大忙。
• The English evening was really a great success.这次英语晚会很成功。
• It’s a pleasure to talk with you.和你谈话是件令人愉快的事。
• She is a disappointment to us.她令我们很失望。

1) 名词在句中作表语、同位语时，当它所表示的职位、头衔等是独一无二的，则不用冠词

• Prof. Smith was appointed dean of Foreign Language Department.史密斯教授被任命为外语系主任。
• Billy Stanford, chairman of the committee, left for Hong Kong yesterday.比利·斯坦福特，委员会的主席，昨天启程去了香港。以上的“主任”、“主席”都只有一个;如果这一职位不是独一的，则要用不定冠词。

2) 当名词转化为抽象含义时，不具体指某一事物，前面不加冠词，这种情况常见于一些固定短语中

• go to bed去（上床）睡觉
• go by bus乘汽车去
• My sister is still in school.我妹妹还在上学。
• I’ll take him to hospital.我将带他去医院（看病）。(不指某一具体特定的医院，而着重强调医院看病的普遍性功用)

3) 表示季节、月份、星期的名词，如果没有限制性定语，或者不表示某一特定时间，前面不用冠词

• If winter comes, can spring be far behind?冬天到了，春天还会远吗?
• Our summer vacation is from July to August.我们的暑假是从七月到八月。
• We have no class on Friday.我们星期五没有课。

4) 泛指的某顿饭前不用冠词

• What do you want to have for breakfast?你早饭想吃什么?Dinner is ready.饭准备好了。
• 注：表示新闻标题、提纲、广告、公告、电报、信函、书名等前不用冠词。

数量限定词：(a) few，(a) little、some / any
个体限定词：each/every、another/other、either/neither、

• 有很多数量或个体限定词同时还可以用作代词，此时它们的后面可以接 of 短语连用。
• 数量或个体词＋of＋特指限定词＋复数名词或不可数名词